其实你的2种看法都可以理解,把省略掉的部分加上去,就能看清楚:
This is the freedom of a real education, (the freedom)of learning how to be well-adjusted. 作并列句
This is the freedom of a real education(,real education)of learning how to be well-adjusted. 作补语
不过2个句子中间用逗号隔开,是表示并列的意思,如果表示修饰的是education,则一般不用加逗号隔开。所以,应该是按第一种,从属freedom来理解。